This masterclass module concludes Health Education, offering exhaustive HIV/AIDS coverage: transmission, stages, OIs, and ART including PrEP/PEP. It comprehensively details water sanitation, diseases, purification, and national programs. Integrated revision tables and an exam checklist deliver a high-density, exam-ready review of essential health concepts.
SECTION 6: HEALTH EDUCATION (CONTINUED)
6.6 HIV/AIDS (Complete)
| Aspect | Details |
|---|---|
| Causative agent | Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) — Retrovirus |
| Types | HIV-1 (most common, more virulent), HIV-2 (less virulent, slower progression) |
| Transmission | Sexual (most common), blood/blood products, mother-to-child (MTCT), needle sharing |
| NOT transmitted by | Casual contact, hugging, sharing food, mosquito bites, toilet seats |
| Target cells | CD4+ T-helper lymphocytes, macrophages, dendritic cells |
| Viral entry | gp120 binds CD4 → conformational change → binds CCR5 or CXCR4 co-receptor → gp41 mediates fusion |
| Reverse transcriptase | Converts RNA to DNA (error-prone → high mutation rate) |
| Integrase | Integrates viral DNA into host genome |
| Protease | Cleaves viral polyproteins into functional proteins |
Stages of HIV Infection:
| Stage | CD4 Count | Clinical Features | Duration |
|---|---|---|---|
| Primary infection (Acute seroconversion) | Normal | Flu-like symptoms, fever, rash, lymphadenopathy | 2–4 weeks |
| Clinical latency (Asymptomatic) | Gradually declining | Asymptomatic or persistent generalized lymphadenopathy | 8–10 years (untreated) |
| Symptomatic (Early AIDS) | 200–350/µL | Opportunistic infections, weight loss, fever | Variable |
| AIDS (Advanced) | <200/µL or opportunistic infection | Severe OIs, malignancies, wasting syndrome | Variable |
WHO Clinical Staging:
| Stage | Features |
|---|---|
| Stage 1 | Asymptomatic, persistent generalized lymphadenopathy |
| Stage 2 | Weight loss <10%, herpes zoster, recurrent URTI, fungal nail infections |
| Stage 3 | Weight loss >10%, chronic diarrhea >1 month, prolonged fever >1 month, oral candidiasis, pulmonary TB, severe bacterial infections |
| Stage 4 (AIDS) | HIV wasting syndrome, PCP pneumonia, recurrent severe pneumonia, CNS toxoplasmosis, cryptococcal meningitis, disseminated MAC, CMV retinitis, Kaposi sarcoma, invasive cervical cancer |
Opportunistic Infections by CD4 Count:
| CD4 Count | Risk of OIs |
|---|---|
| >500/µL | Low risk |
| 200–500/µL | Oral candidiasis, TB, herpes zoster, bacterial pneumonia |
| 100–200/µL | PCP pneumonia, disseminated histoplasmosis, coccidioidomycosis |
| 50–100/µL | Toxoplasmosis, cryptococcal meningitis, disseminated TB |
| <50/µL | CMV retinitis, disseminated MAC, progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) |
ARV Therapy (Antiretroviral Therapy):
| Class | Drugs | Mechanism | Key Side Effects |
|---|---|---|---|
| NRTIs | Zidovudine (AZT), Lamivudine (3TC), Tenofovir (TDF), Emtricitabine (FTC), Abacavir | Inhibit reverse transcriptase (chain terminators) | AZT: anemia, myopathy; TDF: renal toxicity, bone loss; Abacavir: hypersensitivity (HLA-B*5701) |
| NNRTIs | Efavirenz, Nevirapine, Etravirine, Rilpivirine | Non-competitive RT inhibition | Efavirenz: CNS effects (dreams, depression); Nevirapine: hepatotoxicity, rash |
| PIs | Lopinavir/r, Atazanavir, Darunavir | Inhibit viral protease | GI intolerance, hyperlipidemia, hyperglycemia, lipodystrophy |
| Integrase Inhibitors | Raltegravir, Dolutegravir, Bictegravir | Inhibit viral integrase | Dolutegravir: insomnia, headache; weight gain |
| Entry Inhibitors | Maraviroc (CCR5 antagonist), Enfuvirtide (fusion inhibitor) | Block viral entry | Maraviroc: hepatotoxicity; Enfuvirtide: injection site reactions |
| Pharmacokinetic Boosters | Ritonavir, Cobicistat | Inhibit CYP3A4 (boost other drugs) | Drug interactions |
First-Line ART Regimen (WHO 2021):
- TDF + 3TC (or FTC) + DTG (Dolutegravir)
- Alternative: TDF + 3TC + EFV (Efavirenz)
Prevention of Mother-to-Child Transmission (PMTCT):
- Antenatal: ART for mother
- Intrapartum: Continue ART, consider IV AZT if high viral load
- Postpartum: ART for mother, infant prophylaxis (AZT or NVP for 6 weeks), avoid breastfeeding if formula available and safe
Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis (PrEP):
- TDF + FTC daily for high-risk individuals
- Reduces HIV acquisition by >90% if adherent
Post-Exposure Prophylaxis (PEP):
- TDF + 3TC + DTG (or RAL) within 72 hours of exposure
- Continue for 28 days
6.7 Water Sanitation
Water-Borne Diseases:
| Disease | Causative Agent | Source | Prevention |
|---|---|---|---|
| Cholera | Vibrio cholerae | Fecal contamination of water/food | Boiling, chlorination, ORS, vaccination |
| Typhoid | Salmonella typhi | Fecal-oral, contaminated water/food | Boiling, chlorination, hand hygiene, vaccination |
| Hepatitis A | HAV | Fecal-oral, contaminated water/food | Boiling, chlorination, vaccination |
| Hepatitis E | HEV | Fecal-oral, contaminated water | Boiling, chlorination (no vaccine in India) |
| Polio | Poliovirus | Fecal-oral | Boiling, chlorination, OPV/IPV |
| Rotavirus diarrhea | Rotavirus | Fecal-oral | Boiling, hand hygiene, vaccination |
| Giardiasis | Giardia lamblia | Fecal-oral, contaminated water | Filtration, boiling, chlorination |
| Amoebiasis | Entamoeba histolytica | Fecal-oral, contaminated water | Boiling, chlorination |
| Cryptosporidiosis | Cryptosporidium | Fecal-oral, contaminated water | Filtration (chlorine resistant), boiling |
| Leptospirosis | Leptospira interrogans | Contaminated water, animal urine | Avoid wading in contaminated water, doxycycline prophylaxis |
Water Purification Methods:
| Method | Mechanism | Effectiveness | Limitations |
|---|---|---|---|
| Boiling | Heat kills pathogens | Kills bacteria, viruses, parasites, eggs | Does not remove chemicals, turbidity; fuel cost |
| Chlorination | Hypochlorous acid kills pathogens | Bacteria, viruses, some parasites | Taste, ineffective against Cryptosporidium oocysts, Giardia cysts |
| Filtration | Physical removal | Bacteria, parasites, some viruses | Does not remove dissolved chemicals, viruses (unless ultrafiltration) |
| UV radiation | Damages DNA | Bacteria, viruses, parasites | No residual protection, requires clear water, lamp maintenance |
| Solar disinfection (SODIS) | UV + heat in plastic bottles | Bacteria, viruses, parasites | Time-consuming (6+ hours), weather dependent |
| Coagulation-flocculation | Alum, iron salts remove suspended particles | Turbidity, some pathogens | Does not disinfect alone |
| Reverse osmosis | Membrane filtration | All pathogens, dissolved salts, chemicals | Expensive, water wastage, membrane maintenance |
| Activated carbon | Adsorption | Organic chemicals, chlorine, taste/odor | Does not remove pathogens, needs replacement |
| Ion exchange | Resin exchange | Hardness, heavy metals | Does not remove pathogens, organic matter |
WHO Water Quality Guidelines:
| Parameter | Guideline Value | Health Significance |
|---|---|---|
| E. coli | 0/100 mL | Indicator of fecal contamination |
| Total coliforms | 0/100 mL | Indicator of treatment effectiveness |
| Turbidity | <5 NTU | Aesthetic, affects disinfection |
| pH | 6.5–8.5 | Aesthetic, affects disinfection |
| Free chlorine residual | ≥0.2–0.5 mg/L | Ensures ongoing protection |
| Arsenic | 0.01 mg/L | Carcinogenic, skin lesions |
| Fluoride | 1.5 mg/L | Dental/skeletal fluorosis |
| Nitrate | 50 mg/L | Methemoglobinemia (blue baby syndrome) |
| Lead | 0.01 mg/L | Neurotoxic, especially in children |
Swachh Bharat Mission (SBM):
- Launched: October 2, 2014 (Mahatma Gandhi's birth anniversary)
- Goal: Open Defecation Free (ODF) India
- Components: Toilet construction, solid and liquid waste management, behavior change
- SBM-Urban and SBM-Rural
Jal Jeevan Mission:
- Launched: 2019
- Goal: Har Ghar Jal (tap water to every household) by 2024
- Coverage: Initially 55% rural households; target 100%
SECTION 7: QUICK REVISION TABLES
Table A: Cardiovascular System at a Glance
| Parameter | Normal Value | Clinical Significance |
|---|---|---|
| Heart rate | 60–100 bpm | Tachycardia >100, Bradycardia <60 |
| Blood pressure | 120/80 mmHg | Hypertension ≥140/90, Hypotension <90/60 |
| Cardiac output | 5 L/min | ↓ in heart failure, shock |
| Stroke volume | 70 mL | ↓ in hypovolemia, heart failure |
| Ejection fraction | 55–70% | <40% = heart failure |
| PR interval | 0.12–0.20 sec | Prolonged = heart block |
| QRS duration | 0.08–0.12 sec | Widened = bundle branch block |
| QT interval | 0.35–0.44 sec | Prolonged = torsades risk |
Table B: Respiratory Parameters
| Parameter | Normal Value | Definition |
|---|---|---|
| Tidal volume (TV) | 500 mL | Normal breath volume |
| Vital capacity (VC) | 4500–5000 mL | Max inhalation after max exhalation |
| FEV–/FVC | ≥0.80 | Obstructive <0.70, restrictive normal/high |
| Respiratory rate | 12–20/min | Tachypnea >20, Bradypnea <12 |
| PO– (arterial) | 95–100 mmHg | Hypoxemia <80 |
| PCO– (arterial) | 35–45 mmHg | Hypercapnia >45, Hypocapnia <35 |
| pH (arterial) | 7.35–7.45 | Acidosis <7.35, Alkalosis >7.45 |
| HCO–– | 22–26 mEq/L | Metabolic acidosis <22, alkalosis >26 |
Table C: Renal Function Tests
| Test | Normal Value | Clinical Significance |
|---|---|---|
| Serum creatinine | 0.7–1.3 mg/dL (M), 0.6–1.1 mg/dL (F) | ↑ in renal failure |
| BUN | 7–20 mg/dL | ↑ in renal failure, dehydration |
| eGFR | >90 mL/min/1.73m² | CKD staging |
| Creatinine clearance | 100–130 mL/min | Best estimate of GFR |
| Urine specific gravity | 1.003–1.030 | Fixed at 1.010 in renal failure (isosthenuria) |
| Urine pH | 4.5–8.0 | Acidic in acidosis, alkaline in UTI (Proteus) |
Table D: Blood Cell Counts
| Cell Type | Normal Count | Function | Key Disorders |
|---|---|---|---|
| RBC | M: 4.5–5.5M/µL, F: 4.0–5.0M/µL | O– transport | Anemia, polycythemia |
| Hemoglobin | M: 13.5–17.5 g/dL, F: 12.0–16.0 g/dL | O– binding | Anemia, polycythemia |
| WBC | 4000–11000/µL | Immunity | Leukocytosis, leukopenia |
| Neutrophils | 2500–7000/µL (40–70%) | Bacterial phagocytosis | Neutrophilia (infection), neutropenia |
| Lymphocytes | 1000–4000/µL (20–40%) | Adaptive immunity | Lymphocytosis (viral), lymphopenia (HIV) |
| Monocytes | 100–700/µL (2–8%) | Phagocytosis, antigen presentation | Monocytosis (TB, recovery) |
| Eosinophils | 100–400/µL (1–4%) | Allergy, parasites | Eosinophilia (allergy, helminths) |
| Basophils | 25–100/µL (0.5–1%) | Allergic reactions | Basophilia (myeloproliferative) |
| Platelets | 150,000–400,000/µL | Hemostasis | Thrombocytopenia, thrombocytosis |
Table E: Coagulation Tests
| Test | Measures | Normal | Prolonged In |
|---|---|---|---|
| PT | Extrinsic + Common (I, II, V, VII, X) | 11–13.5 sec | Warfarin, liver disease, vitamin K deficiency |
| aPTT | Intrinsic + Common (all except VII, XIII) | 25–35 sec | Heparin, hemophilia, vWD |
| INR | Standardized PT | 0.8–1.2 | Warfarin monitoring (target 2–3 for most) |
| Bleeding time | Platelet function, vessel wall | 2–9 min | Thrombocytopenia, vWD, aspirin |
| Clotting time | Overall coagulation | 5–10 min | Coagulation factor deficiencies |
Table F: Vitamin Deficiency Diseases
| Vitamin | Deficiency Disease | Key Features | High-Risk Groups |
|---|---|---|---|
| A | Night blindness, xerophthalmia, keratomalacia | Poor dark adaptation, Bitot's spots, blindness | Children in developing countries |
| D | Rickets (children), osteomalacia (adults) | Bowed legs, bone pain, fractures | Limited sun exposure, elderly |
| E | Hemolytic anemia, neurological deficits | RBC hemolysis, ataxia | Premature infants, fat malabsorption |
| K | Hemorrhagic disease of newborn | Bleeding, prolonged PT | Newborns, antibiotic therapy |
| B1 (Thiamine) | Beriberi, Wernicke-Korsakoff | Wet: heart failure; Dry: neuropathy; WKS: confusion, ataxia, ophthalmoplegia | Alcoholics, polished rice eaters |
| B3 (Niacin) | Pellagra | 3 Ds: Dermatitis, Diarrhea, Dementia | Maize-eating populations |
| B9 (Folate) | Megaloblastic anemia | Macrocytic anemia, glossitis | Pregnant women, alcoholics |
| B12 (Cobalamin) | Pernicious anemia, subacute combined degeneration | Macrocytic anemia, neurological deficits (posterior column) | Vegans, elderly, pernicious anemia |
| C (Ascorbic acid) | Scurvy | Bleeding gums, petechiae, poor wound healing, corkscrew hair | Sailors, elderly, alcoholics |
Table G: National Health Programs
| Program | Year | Key Feature |
|---|---|---|
| UIP | 1985 | Free vaccines for children; 12 diseases now |
| RNTCP/NTEP | 1997/2020 | DOTS strategy; TB elimination by 2025 |
| NVBDCP | 2003–2004 | Vector-borne diseases (malaria, dengue, JE, kala-azar, filariasis) |
| NACP | 1992 | HIV/AIDS control; free ART |
| Ayushman Bharat (PMJAY) | 2018 | Health insurance £5 lakh/family/year |
| Mission Indradhanush | 2014 | Intensified immunization |
| Swachh Bharat Mission | 2014 | ODF India, sanitation |
| Jal Jeevan Mission | 2019 | Har Ghar Jal (tap water to all) |
| NPCDCS | 2010 | NCD prevention (cancer, diabetes, CVD, stroke) |
| JSY | 2005 | Institutional delivery incentive |
| PMSMA | 2016 | Free antenatal check-ups |
Table H: Contraceptive Effectiveness
| Method | Typical Use Failure Rate | Perfect Use Failure Rate |
|---|---|---|
| Implant | 0.1% | 0.1% |
| Vasectomy | 0.15% | 0.1% |
| Tubal ligation | 0.5% | 0.5% |
| IUD (copper/hormonal) | 0.8% | 0.6% |
| Injectable | 4% | 0.2% |
| COCs | 7% | 0.3% |
| Male condom | 13% | 2% |
| Fertility awareness | 24% | 0.4–5% |
| Withdrawal | 20% | 4% |
| Spermicides | 28% | 18% |
Table I: Water Purification Methods Comparison
| Method | Bacteria | Viruses | Parasites | Chemicals | Cost | Ease |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Boiling | ✓✓✓ | ✓✓✓ | ✓✓✓ | ✗ | Low | Easy |
| Chlorination | ✓✓✓ | ✓✓ | ✓ | ✗ | Low | Easy |
| Filtration | ✓✓ | ✓✓ | ✓✓✓ | ✗ | Medium | Easy |
| UV | ✓✓✓ | ✓✓✓ | ✓✓✓ | ✗ | Medium | Moderate |
| RO | ✓✓✓ | ✓✓✓ | ✓✓✓ | ✓✓✓ | High | Complex |
SECTION 8: LAST-MINUTE EXAM CHECKLIST
Cardiovascular System
- Heart chambers: RA, RV, LA, LV; LA and LV receive oxygenated blood; RA and RV receive deoxygenated
- Valves: Tricuspid (RA-RV), Mitral/Bicuspid (LA-LV), Pulmonary (RV-PA), Aortic (LV-Aorta)
- Heart sounds: S1 (AV closure, "lub"), S2 (semilunar closure, "dub"), S3 (rapid filling, pathological in adults), S4 (atrial kick against stiff ventricle, always pathological)
- Conduction: SA node (60–100 bpm, pacemaker) → AV node (40–60 bpm, delay 0.1 sec) → Bundle of His → Bundle branches → Purkinje fibers (20–40 bpm)
- Cardiac cycle: Atrial systole → Isovolumetric contraction → Ejection → Isovolumetric relaxation → Rapid filling → Diastasis
- Cardiac output: CO = SV × HR; normal 5 L/min; EF = SV/EDV (normal 55–70%)
- Blood pressure: SBP 90–120, DBP 60–80; MAP = DBP + 1/3(SBP-DBP)
- Baroreceptors: Carotid sinus (CN IX), Aortic arch (CN X); respond to stretch
- RAAS: Renin → Ang I → ACE → Ang II → Aldosterone (Na–/water retention), ADH, vasoconstriction
- ANP: From atria; opposes RAAS; promotes Na–/water excretion
- ECG: P (atrial depolarization), PR interval (AV conduction), QRS (ventricular depolarization), ST segment (plateau), T (ventricular repolarization), QT (ventricular systole)
Respiratory System
- Anatomy: Nasal cavity → Pharynx → Larynx → Trachea → Bronchi → Bronchioles → Alveoli
- Alveoli: Type I (gas exchange), Type II (surfactant), macrophages
- Volumes: TV 500 mL, IRV 3000 mL, ERV 1200 mL, RV 1200 mL, VC ~4700 mL, FRC ~2400 mL, TLC ~5900 mL
- FEV–/FVC: Normal ≥0.80; obstructive <0.70; restrictive normal or increased
- Oxyhemoglobin curve: Right shift by CADET (CO–, Acid, DPG, Exercise, Temperature) → more O– release
- Control: Medullary rhythmicity center (DRG, VRG), Pontine (pneumotaxic, apneustic)
- Chemoreceptors: Central (medulla, responds to H– in CSF from CO–), Peripheral (carotid and aortic bodies, respond to ↓PO–, ↑PCO–, ↓pH)
Digestive System
- GI tract: Mouth → Esophagus → Stomach → Small intestine (Duodenum, Jejunum, Ileum) → Large intestine → Rectum → Anus
- Stomach: Cardiac, Fundus, Body, Pylorus; HCl, pepsin, intrinsic factor
- Small intestine: Duodenum (receives bile and pancreatic juice), Jejunum (major absorption), Ileum (B12 absorption, Peyer's patches)
- Enzymes: Salivary amylase (mouth), Pepsin (stomach), Pancreatic amylase/trypsin/lipase (duodenum), Brush border enzymes (small intestine)
- Absorption: Glucose/galactose (SGLT1, Na–-dependent), Fructose (GLUT5), Amino acids (Na–-dependent cotransporters), Fats (diffusion → chylomicrons → lymphatics)
- Enterohepatic circulation: Bile salts secreted → reabsorbed in ileum → returned to liver
- Liver functions: Bile synthesis, protein synthesis (albumin, clotting factors), glycogen storage, gluconeogenesis, detoxification (Phase I and II), lipid metabolism, vitamin storage
Renal System
- Nephron: Glomerulus (filtration) → PCT (65% reabsorption, all glucose/amino acids) → Loop of Henle (countercurrent, H–O descending, Na– ascending) → DCT (Na–/Cl–, Ca––) → Collecting duct (Na–/K–/H–O under aldosterone/ADH)
- GFR: 125 mL/min; best measure of renal function
- Creatinine clearance: (Urine Cr × Urine volume) / Plasma Cr
- eGFR: >90 normal; CKD stages G1–G5
- Buffer systems: Bicarbonate (most important, open), Phosphate, Proteins
- Henderson-Hasselbalch: pH = pKa + log[HCO––]/[H–CO–]; normal ratio 20:1
- Renal compensation: Metabolic acidosis → ↑H– secretion, ↑HCO–– reabsorption; Metabolic alkalosis → ↓H– secretion, HCO–– excretion
Blood
- Composition: Plasma 55%, Formed elements 45% (RBCs 99%, WBCs 0.2%, Platelets 0.8%)
- RBC: Males 4.5–5.5M/µL, Females 4.0–5.0M/µL; lifespan 120 days; no nucleus; biconcave; Hb A (α–β–)
- Erythropoiesis: EPO from kidneys (stimulated by ↓O–); requires iron, B12, folate
- WBC: Neutrophils (40–70%, bacterial phagocytosis), Lymphocytes (20–40%, adaptive immunity), Monocytes (2–8%, phagocytosis → macrophages), Eosinophils (1–4%, allergy/parasites), Basophils (0.5–1%, histamine/heparin)
- Platelets: 150,000–400,000/µL; lifespan 8–10 days; hemostasis
- ABO: A (anti-B), B (anti-A), AB (none, universal recipient), O (anti-A+anti-B, universal donor)
- Rh: D antigen present = Rh+; Rh- mother with Rh+ baby → hemolytic disease of newborn; prevented by RhIg (RhoGAM)
- Coagulation: Intrinsic (XII, XI, IX, VIII), Extrinsic (III, VII), Common (X, V, II, I, XIII)
- Hemophilia A: Factor VIII deficiency; Hemophilia B: Factor IX deficiency; vWD: von Willebrand factor deficiency
- Tests: PT (extrinsic+common, warfarin), aPTT (intrinsic+common, heparin), INR (standardized PT), Bleeding time (platelet function)
- ESR: Westergren method; Males 0–15 mm/hr, Females 0–20 mm/hr; ↑ in inflammation, infection, malignancy, anemia, pregnancy
Health Education
- Macronutrients: CHO 4 kcal/g (50–60%), Protein 4 kcal/g (0.8–1 g/kg), Fat 9 kcal/g (20–30%)
- Kwashiorkor: Protein deficiency with adequate calories; edema, fatty liver, "moon face"
- Marasmus: Total starvation; severe wasting, "wizened old man"
- Vitamin A: Night blindness, xerophthalmia, keratomalacia; sources: liver, carrots, spinach
- Vitamin D: Rickets (children), osteomalacia (adults); sources: sunlight, fish, fortified milk
- Vitamin C: Scurvy; bleeding gums, petechiae, poor wound healing, corkscrew hair; sources: citrus, amla
- Vitamin B1: Beriberi; sources: whole grains, legumes
- Vitamin B3: Pellagra (3 Ds: Dermatitis, Diarrhea, Dementia); sources: meat, fish, grains
- Vitamin B9: Megaloblastic anemia; sources: leafy greens, legumes
- Vitamin B12: Pernicious anemia, subacute combined degeneration; sources: animal products only
- Iron: Iron deficiency anemia (microcytic, hypochromic); sources: red meat, spinach, lentils
- Iodine: Goiter, cretinism; sources: iodized salt, seafood
- First Aid ABC: Airway, Breathing, Circulation
- CPR: 30 compressions : 2 breaths; rate 100–120/min; depth 5–6 cm adults
- Burns: Rule of nines; First degree (epidermis), Second degree (partial dermis), Third degree (full thickness), Fourth degree (muscle/bone)
- Fractures: Closed, Open/Compound, Comminuted, Greenstick; RICE protocol
- Contraceptives: Barrier (condom, diaphragm), Hormonal (COCs, POPs, injectables, implants), IUD (copper, hormonal), Surgical (vasectomy, tubal ligation), Emergency (levonorgestrel, ulipristal, copper IUD)
- Most effective: Implants, IUDs, sterilization (>99%)
- National programs: UIP (1985), RNTCP (1997), NTEP (2020), Ayushman Bharat (2018), Swachh Bharat (2014), Jal Jeevan Mission (2019)
- HIV: Retrovirus; CD4+ T cells; gp120-CD4-CCR5/CXCR4 entry; reverse transcriptase; 3 stages; AIDS at CD4 <200
- ART: TDF + 3TC + DTG (first-line); NRTIs, NNRTIs, PIs, Integrase inhibitors, Entry inhibitors
- HIV prevention: PrEP (TDF+FTC), PEP (within 72 hours), PMTCT (ART + infant prophylaxis)
- Water purification: Boiling (best), Chlorination, Filtration, UV, RO
- Water-borne diseases: Cholera, Typhoid, Hepatitis A/E, Polio, Giardiasis, Amoebiasis
- Swachh Bharat Mission: 2014, ODF India
- Jal Jeevan Mission: 2019, Har Ghar Jal
FINAL WORD
"If you know the heart conduction system, ECG waves, cardiac cycle, RAAS, respiratory volumes and control, GI enzymes and absorption, nephron segments and functions, GFR, acid-base buffers, blood cell types and counts, ABO/Rh grouping, coagulation cascade and tests, ESR, vitamin deficiencies (especially A, D, C, B1, B3, B9, B12, iron, iodine), CPR ABC, burns rule of nines, contraceptive methods, national health programs, HIV transmission/prevention/ART, and water purification — you have covered 90% of what CDSCO can ask from this subject."
No book needed. This sheet is complete.
Upgrade to Success Pass (₹30) to unlock downloads and printing.